The hardware and options available for lasers, such as secondary gases, Brewster windows, Q-switches, and electronic shutters.

An indication of the beam hazard level of a laser or laser system during normal operation or the determination (typically established by its AEL) thereof.
Laser Classifications are cited in Accessible Emission Limit (AEL).

Laser-beam traversal of metal to harden quenching process producing the maximum hardness for most metals.

The buildup of the coherent wave between laser cavity end mirrors. In CW mode, the wave bounding back and forth between mirrors transmits a fraction of its energy on each trip; in pulsed operation, emission happens instantaneously.

A solid-state, rod-shaped lasing medium in which ion excitation is caused by a source of intense light, such as a flashlamp. Various materials are used for the rod, the earliest of which was synthetic ruby crystal.