An electrical element in laser excitation which attracts electrons from a cathode. An anode can be cooled directly by water or by radiation.

Anti-reflection coatings, used on the backs of laser output mirrors to suppress unwanted multiple reflections which reduce power.

A single instrument combining the functions of a telescope and a collimator to detect small angular displacements of a mirror by means of its own collimated light.

The rate at which energy (joules per second) is emitted, transferred or absorbed with its measurements described by the unit measurement of watts (W).

Any motion(s) including: eyelid closure, eye movement, pupillary constriction, head movement to avoid exposure to noxious or bright visual light stimulants. In application to visible laser light, its exposure to critical retinal area(s) is established as 0.25 seconds or less.