Also Emittance. Rate at which emission takes place; the ratio of the radiant energy emitted by a source or surface to that emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature.

Also Emissivity.   Rate at which emission takes place; the ratio of the radiant energy emitted by a source or surface to that emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature.

A laser that is contained within a protective housing of itself or of the laser or laser system in which it is incorporated. Opening or removal of the protective housing provides additional access to laser radiation above the applicable maximum permissible exposure (MPE) than possible with the protective housing in place.

[box]Example: an embedded laser is one type of enclosed laser.[/box]

The primary and preferred method to ensure safe laser operation. They are comprised of measures designed, engineered and incorporated into a laser or laser system which require minimal to no training for individuals who may be exposed to laser output.

[box]Examples: protective housings, interlocks on removable protective housings, activated shutters, watch-dog timers, etc.[/box]

Electronic modulation of a laser beam to produce high peak power at the initial stage of the pulse. This allows rapid vaporization of the material without heating the surrounding area. Such pulses are many times the peak power of the CW mode.